What is FASD?
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Previously known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE).
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FASD impacts ~1-in-28 children in Australia, roughly one in every classroom.
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FASD affects brain development, learning, behaviour, and overall health, with symptoms ranging from memory and attention difficulties to social and emotional challenges.
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It is often called a “hidden" or "invisible" disability because most individuals do not have distinct physical features, making diagnosis difficult.
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FASD is frequently misdiagnosed or overlooked, with symptoms sometimes attributed to ADHD, autism, or behavioural issues.
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Early diagnosis and FASD-informed support can improve outcomes and help individuals reach their full potential.
(NOFASD Australia, 2025, University of Sydney 2025)
FASD Effects
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a lifelong disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. It affects how the brain and body develop, leading to a range of challenges in day-to-day life. These may include difficulties with memory, emotional regulation, learning, attention, communication, motor skills, and social understanding.
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Every person with FASD is unique. Some people need support with learning and routines, others with managing emotions or understanding social cues—and many experience a mix of strengths and challenges across different areas of life.
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This definition comes from a standard developed through international collaboration, led by CanFASD, to ensure consistent understanding across the world.
FASD Characteristics
Common features of FASD may include:
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Difficulty with memory, attention, and problem-solving
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Trouble understanding cause and effect
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Impulsiveness and emotional overwhelm
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Struggles with receptive language and adapting to new routines
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These are not signs of defiance. They’re signs that the brain works differently—and they deserve to be met with understanding, not punishment.
With the right support in place, people with FASD can thrive. That’s why it’s so important that families, educators, and service providers are equipped with the tools to respond with empathy and knowledge.
What Affects the Impact of FASD?
There’s no one-size-fits-all answer when it comes to how FASD affects someone. The outcome depends on a range of factors, including:
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How much and how often alcohol was consumed during pregnancy
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The mother’s overall health, stress levels, nutrition, and mental wellbeing
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The environment the child is raised in, including access to support
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Whether the mother even knows she is pregnant, during periods of alcohol consumption
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These influences all shape how FASD presents, and why no two people experience it the same way. As with any spectrum disorder, FASD presents in various and individual ways.
Why Language Matters
How we talk about FASD shapes how people feel, how they’re treated, and whether they get the support they need. At Foundations, we follow the FASDHub Australia Language Guide to make sure our language is respectful, non-stigmatising, and empowering.
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We believe that shifting the conversation is just as important as providing care. That’s why we’re committed to using language that sees the person first and supports dignity, always.
Learn More
Follow the links below to access further information from us at Foundations, and some of Australia's leading FASD information organisations and advocacy groups.
